LESSONS' INDEX

Grant Green's Blues: Dog It by Garrison Fewell gfewell@earthlink.net

Grant Green (St. Louis, Missouri 6 giugno 1931 - New York 31 gennaio 1979) was one of the most unique and influential jazz guitarists in the 1960s. His playing had an impact on younger guitarists like George Benson and Pat Martino who were just emerging on the jazz scene in 1965.

Green's guitar sound is instantly recognizable - his clear tone has a slightly trebly cutting-edge, balanced by a warm and mellow mid-range. Depending on the dynamics of the song, he could dig into his lines with a fiery soulfulness, or spin off a series of sweet, laid-back melodic inventions accompanied by a lengthy sustain, and punctuated by short, incisive blues riffs. He could swing with driving intensity, strut like a New Orleans marching band, play it cool like a late night breeze, turn up the heat again with a spicy samba, negotiate post-bop, modern, modal harmony alongside Coltrane's rhythm section, play the blues with a Sunday morning Gospel beat, and lay down a groove with the funky soulfulness of James Brown.

Most of Grant Green's recordings as a leader or sideman were for the Blue Note label, who featured him in a wide variety of groups with famous heavyweights Hank Mobley, Herbie Hancock, Lee Morgan, Wayne Shorter, Joe Henderson, Bobby Hutcherson, McCoy Tyner, Art Blakey, Elvin Jones, Lou Donaldson, Sonny Clark, Ike Quebec, Stanley Turrentine, Booker Ervin, Horace Parlan, Paul Chambers, Wynton Kelly, and Billy Higgins just to name a few! The classic Blue Note dates were primarily horns and rhythm section. Green and Kenny Burrell were among the only guitarists to capture that Blue Note "sound", and Green's hard bop capabilities greatly contributed to his success.

Green's signature sound came from his recordings with organ players - giants like Larry Young, Don Patterson, Jimmy Smith, and Jack McDuff, along with Baby Face Willette, John Patton, Sam Lazar, and Gloria Coleman. The organ trio style of jazz, (guitar/organ/drums with saxophone making it a quartet), was popular in the early sixties, and by 1965 it practically became a necessity as jazz was forced to compete with the rising popularity of Rock music. At that time, a jazz guitarist could have steady work playing six nights a week with an organ group, and records sold well because people could party and dance to those grooves. Green's background as a blues guitarist made him the perfect choice for these settings, yet nothing compares to the reflective, modern jazz sound of Grant Green and Larry Young, all of whose recordings together are among the finest examples of this genre.

Not just Grant Green and Kenny Burrell, but also Wes Montgomery, George Benson, Pat Martino, Eddie McFadden, even Jim Hall, and Joe Pass were part of this trend as they all recorded with organ players. Guitarist John Abercrombie played on a 1968 Johnny "Hammond" Smith record titled "Nasty", on Prestige. Abercrombie was deep into Grant Green and Pat Martino, whose influences are evident in his playing at that time.

Guitarist John Scofield was a student at Berklee in the early 70's and recalls hearing Green play at Connelly's in Boston, "At that time speed was everything and the main guys on guitar were George Benson, Pat Martino, Tal Farlow and John McLaughlin. Grant played everything as if it were slowed down. It was only later that I realized that he swung hard. He had unstoppable swing." (from the liner notes to Grant Green's "First Session" Blue Note 27548).

The stylistic influence of Grant Green is just as strong today. A revival of the 60's organ sound took off in the 1990's and contributed to the success of new guitarists such as Peter Bernstein, while both Benson and Martino are returning to their "roots" - Benson reuniting with organist Lonnie Smith and Martino teaming up Joey DeFrancesco.

His main guitar, featured on his early 60's recodings, was a Gibson ES-330. A thin-line, hollow body electric guitar with single coil P-90 pickups, the 330 is similar to a 335 minus the block of wood in the middle of the body that served to eliminate feedback. The amplifier on this recording has a nice vintage tube sound. While impossible to say exactly which amp it was, recording studios sometimes had a Fender Champ, Princeton, or even a Deluxe. He also used a Gibson amplifier and a Fender Twin among other choices.

Commenting about his own playing, Green said, "I don't listen to guitar players much - just horn players. I used to sit up all night copying Charlie Parker's solos note for note." (- from the liner notes to "Grant's First Stand", Blue Note LP). If Grant sounds more like a horn player than a guitar player, it's because of his almost exclusive use of single - note lines in his solos as opposed to chordal styles used by Kenny Burrell and Wes Montgomery. He cited his main guitar influence as being Charlie Christian (did anyone play jazz guitar in the 1950's who didn't listen to Christian?). Green definitely has a horn-like quality similar to Christian's but with much more blues, soul and R&B influences. You can clearly hear Charlie Parker's be-bop lines as he outlines standard jazz harmonies, especially on "turnarounds". Add to this a laid-back phrasing, motific development, and the use of space characteristic of Miles Davis in the '50s. Think of Miles' solos on "Freddie The Freeloader" and "So What" from the album Kind Of Blue, and imagine Grant playing these on guitar.

The one element that sets Grant Green's hard-bop blues style apart from other jazz guitarists is his extensive use of African rhythms in his solos. He was a master of rhythmic displacement - taking a short melodic motif and moving it to different beats in the measure to create a syncopated sound found in West African guitar players. This type of guitar playing is closely related to a West Indian style of music called Zouk, and is similar to Calypso music. Green was like a magician who could move the beat around and make the bar lines "disappear", landing right back on his feet again.
 
The following solo is from Grant Green's first recording session. It's an F blues titled "Dog It", from Jimmy Forrest's album "Black Forrest", on the Delmark label (DD-427). 

Recording Date: Chicago, Dec. 10/12 1959
Personnel: Jimmy Forrest (ten sax), Grant Green (gtr), Harold Mabern (p), Gene Ramey (b), Elvin Jones (dr). 

Main features of this solo:

1) Use of the F blues scale over both F7 and Bb7.
2) Be-bop phrasing, usually in the second half of the chorus between bars 6-8 and 11-12.
3) Extended use of 8th note triplet rhythms.
4) 16th note triplet embellishments or "trills".
5) Development of short, three-note motives with rhythmic displacement.
6) Arpeggios and diatonic chord extensions.
7) Simple melodic construction contrasted with intricate rhythms, and phrasing over the bar lines.

Fingering and position markings are just suggestions, but I can offer an explanation of some choices. Being a blues guitarist at heart, Green favored fingers 1, 2, and 3 of the left hand, and most intervals of a minor third, especially in the blues scale, are played with fingers 1 and 3. Try it this way and you will feel more "power" behind the notes. Some passages require long (and quick!) stretches, especially where he plays triplets, so you may feel more comfortable using the 4th finger. It's a good idea to experiment and decide what works best for you.
 
The positions indicated are ones that seem logical based on an interpretation of Green's playing, however there are often other possibilities that work just as well and still make the phrase sound and feel right - after all, that's what's important.

For more evidence, there is a video of Grant Green playing with Kenny Burrell and Barney Kessel, which provides a valuable and rare opportunity to see how he approached the instrument. 1It's a live recording of a tune titled "Blue Mist" at Ronnie Scott's club in London, 1969. The video is called "Legends of Jazz Guitar, Vol. 2" available through Music Sales Limited (OV 11320).

CHORUS 1 
In the first two choruses, he uses all of these techniques. He starts with an F blues scale (1, b3, 4, b5, 5, b7 = F, Ab, Bb, B, C, Eb), then chooses a short rhythmic motif of three notes, starting on upbeats for a syncopated feel, and expands it upwards in bars 1-3, then descends in bars 4-5 with a classic F blues line. The first beat of bar 4 contains a characteristic figure that Grant repeats often - a 16th note triplet followed by an eighth note.

Between bars 5 and 7, he leaves a long pause, (almost 1 & 1/2 measures), and comes in off the beat with an Amin7 arpeggio, pauses 2 more beats, and hits the Bb on the second beat of bar 8. This is an example of how Grant used rests (space) as an integral part of his phrasing. (Some guitarists' idea of a "rest" is something you do at the end of a very long road tour!).

Bars 9-10 contain the eighth-note triplet figures for which Grant is famous. The notes spell a Dmin7 arpeggio where the C7 chord should be. The F natural in the Dmin7 arpeggio is the fourth (or 11th) degree of C7. Blues players will often play this note on a dominant chord, rather than the "correct" note, which would be the third degree (E natural on C7). The Dmin triad includes the diatonic extensions of the C7 chord (D, F, A = 9, 11, & 13 of C7). Of course Grant isn't thinking that way - he just arpeggiates notes from the F (major) pentatonic scale.

Bars 11-12 are a good example of Charlie Parker's influence. This is a classic be-bop phrase over the turnaround at the end of a blues and includes the double-chromatic approach that Parker favored in his lines. From the note Bb in bar 12, the two notes G and G# create the double chromatic resolution upward to A on beat three. Grant repeats this phrase in the second chorus, and a variation in the fourth chorus, but always starting on different beats in different measures.

CHORUS 2

In bar 1, Grant hits a C on the first string and moves down chromatically to Ab in bar 3. But again, it's the rhythm that's interesting here. By playing a half note (Bb) right in the middle of bar 2, and tying it over the bar line to a dotted half note (A) in bar 3, he creates another offbeat rhythmic syncopation, which temporarily changes the pulse. 

The resolution from bars 4 to 5 is important. Grant plays C# at the end of bar 4, resolving over the bar line to D on the Bb7 chord. This classic blues sound occurs by moving into the third degree of the chord from a half step below. (the Bb7 third degree is D so the note half step below is C#).

In bar 6, he quotes the phrase he played at the end of the first chorus, starting this time on the "and" of the second beat.

Bars 8 - 12 is a perfect example of phrasing over the bar lines, making them just about disappear. He's so laid back at this point, and I love how the offbeat triplets in bars 10 and 11 seem to just hang in mid-air, floating over the rhythm section.

Check back for the next lesson coming soon: The last three choruses of Grant's solo with analysis and suggested fingerings, and a list of my favorite recordings he made.

Jazz in Baia | Intervista a Garrison Fewell (Berklee Teacher) Intervista fatta a Garrison Fewell in occasione del suo concerto alla Baia di Finale Emilia (Mo).... inserito il 06/11/2011  da labaiaclub - visualizzazioni: 4733

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